Você sabia que o máximo que o homem já conseguiu perfurar na Terra foi 12,2 km? Esse processo demorou 20 anos para ser concluído e não chegou nem perto de atravessar a Terra. Para se ter uma ideia, segundo o Serviço Geológico dos EUA, só a crosta terrestre tem cerca de 100 km de espessura. Porém, embora seja muito improvável que um dia isso aconteça, cientistas possuem teorias sobre o que aconteceria se o planeta fosse perfurado até o outro lado. Confira!
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Pressão
Doug Wilson, um pesquisador geofísico da Universidade da Califórnia, em Santa Bárbara, disse ao WordsSideKick.com, que a pressão atmosférica iria aumentar conforme a broca fosse se aprofundando no subsolo. Sendo assim, é calculado que a cada 3 metros, iria aumentar a pressão referente ao nível do mar.
Como exemplo, podemos observar que na maior perfuração feita por um homem: 12,2 km de profundidade em Kola Superdeep Borehole, na Rússia, a pressão ficou 4.000 vezes maior do que a do nível do mar. Imagine então como seria para perfurar ainda mais as camadas.
O que precisa fazer para conseguir perfurar a Terra?
Ainda de acordo com Wilson, para perfurar abaixo do nível do mar, tentando atingir uma profundidade maior do que a que o homem já conseguiu, é necessário bombear de forma contínua um fluido, que seria uma mistura de lama com metais pesados, como o bário, pois isso iria evitar que buraco desabasse, já que o líquido equilibra a pressão dentro da cratera com a pressão da rocha circundante e o buraco não colapsa. Essa é uma técnica utilizada inclusive na perfuração de poços de petróleo.
Além disso, o fluido ainda serve para limpar a broca, impedir que a areia e cascalho atinja o maquinário e também ajuda a diminuir a temperatura. Entretanto, a questão da tempérie é outro grande desafio.
O desafio de baixar a temperatura na perfuração
Outro desafio da perfuração é justamente a temperatura, que aumenta conforme a broca for perfurando. No manto, por exemplo, o clima é de 1.410 graus Celsius. Então, o aço inoxidável derreteria. Por isso, Wilson diz que o correto seria utilizar uma broca de titânio. Mas, chegando ao núcleo da Terra, a dificuldade aumenta, já que o ambiente fica ainda mais quente.
De acordo com a Academia de Ciências da Califórnia, o núcleo da Terra tem temperatura variável de 4.000 a 5.000 ºC, o que dificultaria e muito a perfuração, já que nesse caso, a broca provavelmente derreteria.
No WordsSideKick.com, o professor de geoquímica da Universidade de Southampton, no Reino Unido, Damon Teagle, disse que uma possível solução seria bombear água fria. Conseguindo passar, a broca chegaria ao núcleo interno, mas lá, a pressão voltaria a ser um problema, pois seria muito intensa.
Além disso, a gravidade da Terra puxaria a broca para o núcleo, então ela teria que lutar contra isso também. Superando mais esse obstáculo, agora é continuar o trajeto, o que segundo Teagle, ainda é longo.
Fonte: Folha | G1 | Olhar Digital
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